Supermassive Black Hole Evolution in Cyclic Cosmology: Dark Matter and Evaporation Dynamics

Abstract

We investigate the evolution of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) within the framework of cyclic cosmology, focusing on the effects of dark matter–modified Hawking radiation. We introduce a generalized mass-loss model incorporating dark matter interaction terms, characterized by a coupling strength parameter ψ and an interaction exponent p. This model predicts a significant reduction in black hole evaporation timescales. For a SMBH with mass , the evaporation time decreases from the classical estimate of approximately  billion years to as low as 4.2×10⁷ years for moderate coupling values. A parameter study over ψ ranging from 10⁻⁸ to 10⁻³ and p from 0 to 2 reveals that the evaporation process is highly sensitive to these variables, allowing efficient mass–energy recycling within a single cosmological cycle. These dynamics contrast sharply with predictions from the standard ΛCDM model, where black hole evaporation is negligible on cosmological timescales; our results suggest that observable deviations in SMBH mass functions, gravitational wave signatures, and high-energy emissions could differentiate cyclic from ΛCDM scenarios. We discuss potential observational implications and propose preliminary constraints on the interaction parameters based on upcoming cosmological surveys. These findings position SMBHs as critical components in the dynamical and thermodynamic evolution of cyclic cosmology, opening new directions for both theoretical investigation and observational validation.