E-ISSN:2583-9152

Review Article

Solar Cells

Journal of Condensed Matter

2023 Volume 1 Number 1 Jan-Jun
Publisherwww.thecmrs.in

Potential Functionality of Perovskite Solar Cells: A Brief Review

Choudhary S1*
DOI:10.61343/jcm.v1i01.2

1* Surbhi Choudhary, Department Of Chemistry, Dpg Degree College, Gurugram, Haryana, India.

Perovskite solar cells (PSC), which have significant efficiency, low production costs, and diverse uses, have evolved as a promising technology for producing environmentally benign energy. The present study examines perovskite solar cells' benefic aspects and associated constraints, emphasizing their potential for futuristic advancement. Furthermore, the remarkable applications of perovskites in energy generation prompted us to evaluate the Power conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite solar cells to other solar energy technological advances. Lastly, to resolve issues and promote their equitable adoption, the study presented recommendations for subsequent investigation and advancement.

Keywords: PSC; PCE; Perovskite Solar Cells; Power conversion efficiency; Solar energy; Sustainability

Corresponding Author How to Cite this Article To Browse
Surbhi Choudhary, , Department Of Chemistry, Dpg Degree College, Gurugram, Haryana, India.
Email: 		Choudhary S, Potential Functionality of Perovskite Solar Cells: A Brief Review. J.Con.Ma. 2023;1(1):5-11.
Available From
https://jcm.thecmrs.in/index.php/j/article/view/2

Manuscript Received Review Round 1 Review Round 2 Review Round 3 Accepted
2023-05-01 2023-05-10 2023-05-17 2023-05-24 2023-06-01
Conflict of Interest Funding Ethical Approval Plagiarism X-checker Note
None Nil Yes 19.63

© 2023by Choudhary Sand Published by Condensed Matter Research Society. This is an Open Access article licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ unported [CC BY 4.0].

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Introduction

Sustainable development has become progressively imperative in light of climate change and natural resource depletion. In the energy realm, where renewable resources can aid in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and foster economic growth, sustainable development can have a substantial effect. Solar energy is a viable renewable energy source that has gained momentum recently due to its copious availability, low ecological footprint, and cost-cutting potential. People across the globe, especially in rural and impoverished areas, could benefit from harnessing solar energy by gaining access to renewable and environmentally benign energy. The study reviews the merits, limiting aspects, and prospects for the environmental sustainability of perovskite materials used in solar energy cells.

Perovskite Materials
A Perovskite substance consists of the chemical formula ABX3, representing 'A' and 'B' as cations, while X signifies either a halogen anion or oxygen. Its crystal structure has characterized by a core cation surrounded by an octahedral arrangement of anions [1], as shown in Figure 1. In contrast to cation "B," which could be cations like Ti, Zr, Pb, and Sn, cation "A" is often larger. Cation "A" includes Ca, Ba, Ge, Bi, Cs, and CH3NH3+. Organic-inorganic metal halide compounds with a perovskite structure are employed as perovskite materials in solar cells [2]. Halide perovskites containing an organic cation in the A-site are referred to as "organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites" [3]. One of the key features of the perovskite framework is its ability to integrate elements that possess distinct valences into the structure [4,5].

jcm_02_1.jpg
Figure 1: Perovskite ABO3 crystal structure; A (Yellow), B (Black), O (White). [6]

Due to the high extinction coefficient, extended carrier lifespan, long carrier diffusion distance, and high charge mobility, Perovskite materials can represent light-absorbing surfaces and electron-hole transport layers [3,7,8]. In addition, Perovskite materials have unique features, as summarized in Table 1, making them effective photovoltaic devices. Therefore, Perovskite solar cells, which can be highly efficient, affordable, and adaptable, are an exciting prospect for the future of solar energy.

TABLE 1: Perovskite Materials: Optical and Electronic Properties [9].

S. No.PROPERTYVALUE
1Bandgap1.5–2.5 eV
2Exciton binding energyLess than 10 meV
3Absorption coefficient105 cm−1
4Crystallization energy barrier56.6–97.3 kJ mol−1
5Charge carrier lifetimeGreater than 300 nm
6PL quantum efficiency70%
7Relative permittivity3
8ExcitonWannier type exciton
9Carrier mobility800 cm2/Vs
 10Trap-state density1010 cm3 (Single Crystals),1015–1017 cm3 (Polycrystalline)

Discussion

01. Perovskite Solar Cells: Advantages

Low-cost manufacturing: Traditional monocrystalline silicon or polycrystalline silicon solar cells, frequently employed in industrial applications, are prohibitively expensive. Although dye-sensitized solar cells are more affordable and easier to manufacture, they still have limitations like heavy absorbing layers and light bleaching from organic dyes [10]. On the contrary, Perovskite solar cells can produce through easy and economical methods that include spin coating, spray coating, drop-casting, ultrasonic spray coating, electrodeposition, slot-die coating, thermal vapor deposition, vacuum deposition, chemical vapor deposition, inkjet, and screen printing, and so on, with a variety of product architectures [11]. Moreover, since they are less expensive than conventional cells for solar energy, perovskite solar cells are a more practical alternative for widespread deployment.

Adaptability: Perovskite materials' features, such as band gap, stability, and lattice structure, can be adjusted by modifying their composition through the inclusion of an additional anion or cation. Thus, their band gap has tuned to the light spectrum by altering composition, similar to extrinsic semiconductors [3]. The adaptability


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of Perovskite solar cells made them suitable for diverse applications, namely portable electronics, building-integrated photovoltaics, and many more.

High efficiency: In recent years, Perovskite solar cells have grown tremendously, with commendable conversion efficiencies of above 29% [12]. High optical absorption coefficient, great photoluminescence efficiency, long carrier diffusion length, and minimal trap density make Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) very efficient [13]. Over the years, significant progress has increased perovskite solar cells' efficiency. A monolithic perovskite/silicon (Si) tandem cell's combined efficiency of 32.5% was recorded by HZB in 2022 as validated by National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) [14]. However, the total efficiency of the first perovskite cells, as reported by EPFL in 2013, was only 14.1%. The efficacy of perovskite cells has been steadily improving. These improved efficiencies make perovskite solar cells a potential renewable energy alternative in the future.

TABLE 2: Unveiling Some Remarkable Advancements in Perovskite Solar Cell Efficiencies: Recent Milestones [5,29].

Cell ConfigurationPerovskite CompositionEfficiency (%)Reported Year
PSC/ Silicon (Si)CsFAPbI3-xBrx27.12018 [15]
PSC/PSK (Perovskite)Cs0.05FA0.8MA0.15PbI2.55Br0.45(FASnI3)0.6(MAPbI3)0.425.42019 [16]
PSC/ Silicon (Si)CsFAMAPbI3−xBrx25.42019 [17]
PSC/CIGS (Copper Indium Gallium Selenide)(FA0.65MA0.20Cs0.15) Pb (I0.8Br0.2)325.92019 [18]
PSC/QDs (Quantum Dots)Cs0.05FA0.81MA0.14PbI2.55Br0.45242020 [19]
PSC/ Silicon (Si)FACsPbI3-xBrx252020 [20]
PSC/ Silicon (Si)Cs0.05(FA0.77MA0.23)0.95 Pb (I0.77Br0.23)329.152020 [21]
PSC/ Silicon (Si)Cs0.05FA0.8MA0.15 Pb (I0.75Br0.25)328.22021 [22]
PSC/Silicon (Si)FACsPbI328.32021 [23]
PSC/CZTSSe (Copper Zinc Tin Sulfur-Selenium Alloy)Cs0.2FA0.8Pb (I0.82Br0.15Cl0.03)322.272022 [24]
PSC/OrganicFA0.8Cs0.2Pb (I0.5Br0.5)324.02022 [25]
PSC/PSK (Perovskite)FA0.8Cs0.2Pb (I0.62Br0.38)3FA0.7MA0.3Pb0.5Sn0.5I326.42022 [26]
PSC/ Silicon (Si)Perovskite/Silicon (Si) Tandem Solar Cells29.82022 [27]
PSC/ Silicon (Si)Monolithic Perovskite/Silicon (Si) Tandem31.252022 [28]
PSC/ Silicon (Si)Monolithic Perovskite/Silicon (Si) Tandem32.52022 [14]

The tuneable bandgap [12], high carrier mobility [13], solution processability,

and defect tolerance [14] of metal halide perovskites, a highly promising material for the forthcoming third wave of solar cells, employ them the most compatible light-harvesting material accessible at present. As a result, PSCs are an appealing substitute to conventional silicon-based solar cells considering their substantial efficiency, particularly in settings where flexibility and cost are critical considerations.

02. Perovskite Solar Cells: Challenges

Stability: The longevity of Perovskite solar cells is one of its most evident constraints [30]. The components of PSC are delicate to moisture, heat, and light, which may result in degradation [31-32]. Moisture, light, and interface materials are extrinsic stability variables that impact Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) as a result of structural deformation brought on by hydration through exposure to external moisture, weakens the chemical bonds and makes the Perovskite more susceptible to other extrinsic influences [1,3,10]. Degradation of the Perovskite coating has induced by moisture that initiates at the grain boundaries. PSC components, like the hole-transporting substance Spiro-OMeTAD, can also degrade on heating [10]. Additionally, PSCs can deteriorate due to light and interface materials, such as electrodes and encapsulation [1].

jcm_02_2.jpg
Figure 2: Some Instability issues associated with PSCs [36]

Extensive research has progressively strengthened Perovskite solar cells' stability to increase their efficacy and robustness.


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In several research articles, studies on techniques like surface modification, composition engineering, additive engineering, and charge-transporting layer optimization have been reported [33,34,35]. Charge-transporting layer optimization is typically performed by utilizing well-matched energy levels and high-mobility charge-transporting materials and introducing an additional layer or physical deposition using high vacuum technologies to improve stability. Perovskite composition engineering generally improves thermodynamic and operational stability in ambient conditions by altering the A-site cation, inorganic species, alloying perovskites, post-treatment with FAI solution, partially replacing X-site iodide with different halides and bulky cations. Additive engineering is feasible with Lewis's acids, organic compounds such as fullerene derivatives, and multifunctional additives to passivate flaws and improve instability. For surface modification, fullerene derivatives, ILs, V2O5, Cs-based Perovskite quantum dots, inorganic salts, luminescent Perovskite nanoparticles, and polymers can be employed. Alternative electrode materials and efficient barrier layers can also avert electrode-induced depletion.

Scalability: Perovskite solar cell development persists in its early stages, and scaling up manufacturing to meet the prerequisites for widespread deployment will be challenging. Researchers are striving to improve the manufacturing process to boost the scalability and affordability of Perovskite solar cells [37,38].

Toxicity: The most effective Perovskite solar cells employed Pb2+ metal cation at the B site [39,40,41]. If handled improperly, lead is a poisonous substance that endangers human health and the environment [42]. Alternative materials for replacing lead in Perovskite solar cells have been investigated [43,44,45,46]. Tin Perovskite solar cells (TPSCs), for instance, represent a new type of high-efficiency lead-free PSC recently [13]. There has been a considerable effort to identify alternative strategies to reduce the Lead exposure hazard during manufacturing and disposal [13].

Regardless of these constraints, Perovskite solar cells exhibit an appealing prospect in terms of sustainability. PSCs represent a competitive substitute to conventional solar cells due to their remarkable efficacy and affordable manufacture. Furthermore, they are suitable for an array

of applications due to their adaptability and tailoring variants. The applications of PSC in energy production, building-integrated photovoltaics, wearable technology, and portable gadgets open up many opportunities for encouraging sustainable development across various industries [47]. However, more in-depth research and development have still required to combat the challenges confronting Perovskite solar cells and explore their potential for long-term sustainability.

Conclusion And Future Prospective

The necessity of utilizing the Earth's plentiful solar resources has been made apparent by the quest to produce electricity from renewable energy sources. Perovskite solar cells, investigated for commercially viable efficiency over the years, were deemed the most promising candidate. The interesting PSC aspects—such as its affordable material and processing costs—and associated shortcomings has highlighted in this review. Furthermore, the study concentrates on significant challenges still impeding the widespread commercialization of Perovskite solar cells. As PSCs are inherently sensitive to heat, moisture, light, and oxygen, the stability of Perovskite solar cells is the primary area of concern. The associated issues must resolve to attain the long functional longevity of Perovskite solar cells competitive with conventional solar cells. Another problem is that Perovskites have not been producing on a vast scale with current production techniques employed in laboratories is another problem. To address this, researchers are looking for methods that work with roll-to-roll technology and enable significant throughput.

Firstly, due to the detrimental effects of Lead (Pb) consumption, the investigation should concentrate on producing Pb-free Perovskites [48]. One of the promising candidates, Tin (Sn) based Perovskites, is identified as promising among other elements, including Antimony (Sb), Copper (Cu), Germanium (Ge), and Bismuth (Bi) [49]. Tin is the most likely contender due to its similar ionic radius and electronic structure. However, Sn-based Perovskites are less efficient than that Pb-based Perovskites. Therefore, producing Pb-free, stable Perovskites would not be possible until the mechanisms underlying the toxicity and degradability of current Perovskites are comprehended, as reported


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by Ju et al. in the year 2018 [50]. Secondly, interface engineering and post-crystallization treatments have also been effective methods for preserving the high structural stability of PSC [51]. Thirdly, incorporating tailored organic cations lowers the organic component's band gap and precisely aligns it with the inorganic component [37]. Eventually, Perovskites may perform better and endure longer. Tandem and multijunction cells, which can catch a wider radiation spectrum, seem another issue that needs further investigation. Perovskite-silicon tandem cells address improved efficiency and effectiveness in instability-related cases of Perovskite cells. Tandem cells have the capability to yield a substantial PCE and optimal stability when utilizing 2D-Perovskites as an effective bandgap absorber. [21,52]. In summary, the present review highlights the outstanding qualities of Perovskite solar cells and the difficulties that need to resolve before their widespread commercialization. However, Perovskite solar cells can significantly contribute to advancing a more sustainable future by overcoming the challenges in their production, encouraging widespread deployment, and other applications.

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